Today, this process mostly focuses on inequality of various types, with income inequality currently taking much of the attention. Ultimately, only time will tell what the outcome will be and how it will be remembered. Although its current cultural impact is indisputable, considering how normalized discussing income inequality now is and how many wealthy individuals publicly apologize that they make more than average.
Criticisms have also come from outside the United States. Generally, the more the United States appeared on the world stage, the more criticism it received, and thus, the majority of its foreign criticism is relatively modern. The most prevalent criticism revolves around America’s tradition of intervening in foreign political affairs.
Beginning in the Caribbean and Latin America, it is now something people around the world can relate to and recite fairly consistently, especially in the Middle East and Southeast Asia. The underlying issue is that the United States gets involved in the domestic political process, often with force, leading to an artificial resolution. This removes the need to compromise and work with the other members of that country’s society and sometimes even its government. Giving government branches the ability to ignore constitutional requirements and consultation of other branches. When these roadblocks are removed, it gives the government the ability to commit serious crimes such as human rights abuses and rampant corruption.
There have also been many concerns raised about the concept of “cultural imperialism.” This is the notion that smaller countries gradually lose their traditions, values, and cultural identity as their children grow up learning English, watching American media, and being immersed in American ideals. As this has only really kicked off with the widespread adoption of the internet, it is hard to tell how impactful exposure to American culture really is and what the long-term implications will be. It is also unclear if individuals are embracing American culture out of a genuine agreement with its values or if they truly are going along with it due to a lack of exposure to any alternatives. Unlike the concerns about American interventions, the fear surrounding “cultural imperialism” tends to come from a small group of countries that were already at odds with the United States or its values and often goes hand in hand with more government control over local media and education.
The United States has a long tradition of generations assigning themselves values and causes that they rabidly support. In some cases, these come from existing American values, such as the Freedom Riders taking their summer vacation to teach literacy and math courses to disenfranchised southern voters in the 1970s. In other cases, their values and causes gradually become universal values of the United States, albeit often only temporarily.
How these are chosen is somewhat mysterious to this day, but the education system has long been viewed as the most likely culprit, hence the decades of politicians complaining about the education system. However, this is unlikely for several reasons, the most prominent being that the United States does not have a single education system. It has more than fifty education systems that are only loosely related to one another. Each state has the final say on what it teaches and how it teaches it. America’s secondary education system is even more decentralized, with the states operating their own universities, private universities operating with little to no oversight, and at least a handful of federal universities operating under the direct authority of Congress.
Because of the very uncoordinated way Americans are educated, universal values often come from cultural centers rather than educational centers. Movies, TV shows, books, and public gatherings like popular festivals and concerts are the main ways Americans form consensus opinions. This is also part of how America became so polarized, with people picking certain cultural centers over others and only becoming exposed to alternate views once consensus has already been reached. It is also why Americans and American politicians are so concerned about cultural icons and media forms. They are as important to making America, America as the education system is, and potentially more so.
The United States has always been interested in coalition building and forming broad multilateral associations. During the Revolution, it was cooperating with at least three European powers to help pressure the British on other theaters and supply its own war effort at home. While it voluntarily took a back seat when its economy was predicated on selling as much stuff to as many people as possible, it was still advocating for diplomacy and coalitions, partaking in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion and then advocating for a unified China with free trade.
The United States proposed the original League of Nations and later the reformed United Nations, and hosts the main building to this day. It has used the United Nations as an avenue to build coalitions even in scenarios when it doesn’t need to. While many people are familiar with the United Nations Peacekeepers, colloquially known as ‘Blue Helmets,’ it is less well known that the United Nations did not have the authority to deploy peacekeepers when it was first created. The United States developed the concept at the start of the Korean War. While it was committed to defending South Korea unilaterally and was already taking steps to intervene, it proposed a resolution to the United Nations to send a broad coalition peacekeeping force to beat back the North Korean invasion. This resolution passed, and countries all around the globe sent soldiers to help, and future conflicts saw the activation of U.N. peacekeeping powers.
As American democracy promises that discussions and compromise can lead to a more effective, stable, and attentive government, American diplomacy promises that discussions and compromise can lead to a more stable, peaceful, and prosperous global system. While it is not immune to human stupidity and may not spread that prosperity completely evenly, its goal is to create a fair system for all involved.
Since the end of the Second World War, whenever something happens in the globe, all eyes turn to the United States, even when it does not want to get involved. As such, the United States has taken the lead on handling many global crises, including the recent Covid pandemic. There have been calls since the 1970s for the United States to take the lead on tackling climate change, but its track record has been mixed. There was a period when recycling and emissions limits were popular and enforced, ending smog across American cities. In the 1980s and 1990s, it was far less fashionable and only slowly gained momentum again in the 2000s. By the 2010s, it was something that was discussed, but serious efforts were few and far between. Now, in the 2020s, it looks like the United States may be ready to start making moves again, but how those moves will come about and how successful they will be remain to be seen. Perhaps a more important question will be how long the measures last, which historically has not been very long in most cases.
On other issues, the United States has often sought to rapidly form a multilateral coalition, decisively handle the crisis, and then return to the global status quo. After a long back and forth with the Europeans on who was responsible for handling the collapse of Yugoslavia, the United States stepped forward and accepted that from then on it was going to be the world police and led a bombing campaign against the Serbian forces. When Iraq invaded Kuwait, its other Arab neighbors looked to the United States for assistance, and it, through the United Nations, formed a coalition and repelled the Iraqi invasion. When Houthi terrorists started hijacking and later sinking merchant ships traveling through the Red Sea, the globe called for the United States Navy to begin convoying ships through the region. Many both in and out of the United States question American global leadership, but it is clear that in times of crisis, it is the United States that is expected, and able, to step up and tackle the challenges that face the world.
In the world of governance and international relations, there are no manuals or tutorials. Those in positions of power have nearly limitless possible ways to approach problems with three main pillars to guide them. They have legal limitations on what they can do, they have material limitations on what they can do, and they have their values and beliefs, which can both limit and drive leaders’ actions. Because of this, it is important to understand the culture and beliefs of those in power and the culture that they come from. Perhaps decisions that the United States has made over the years make more sense now, understanding the mindset and values of those making the decisions. Or maybe modern America seems more understandable given the importance of values and the long path that brought us here.
The United States has often acted with a directness that it views as efficient and reliable but tends to come across as oafish at the best of times. It can also be fairly easy to predict, to the point where random internet users can reliably predict America’s reaction to various events simply by knowing recent history. Predictability is useful as a global superpower, but it can also be an Achilles’ heel, as your adversaries can meticulously prepare for exactly what you are going to do, as the United States and Saudi Arabia have found with the Houthis.
The United States has often failed to comprehend the average person in foreign countries. This has led to disastrous attempts to support regimes that were so unpopular they had to resort to intense repression to retain power, or has led to the United States sitting back and watching as disinterested or outright hostile populations allow the American-backed or created government to evaporate in favor of something less aligned with United States interests. Only recently has the concept of “public diplomacy” been given a name, and currently, that is as much as it has gotten. Being used as little more than a marketing firm to advertise new programs or American policies, the idea of genuinely engaging with foreign populations and learning their thoughts and grievances remains elusive.
Ultimately, the United States tends to view the world through rose-tinted glasses, believing that its good intentions will ensure all its plans succeed on the first try without any hindrances. When that is inevitably proven false, it tends to resort to bashing its head against the obstacle harder and harder until one of them breaks. It will then go and sulk on its pseudo-island and lick its wounds before coming back to repeat the process ad infinitum.